Đại từ quan hệ trong tiếng Anh

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Bài viết Đại từ quan hệ gồm ngữ pháp Đại từ quan hệ chi tiết và bài tập Đại từ quan hệ có lời giải giúp học sinh nắm vững cách sử dụng Đại từ quan hệ trong tiếng Anh.

Lý thuyết Đại từ quan hệ

A. Đại từ quan hệ trong tiếng Anh

Đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns) có 3 chức năng ngữ pháp chính trong một câu:

- Thay cho một danh từ ngay trước nó,

- làm một nhiệm vụ trong mệnh đề (clause) theo sau,

- liên kết mệnh đề với nhau.

Đại từ quan hệ có hình thức không thay đổi dù thay cho một danh từ số ít hay số nhiều. Động từ theo sau thay đổi tùy theo tiền tiến từ của đại từ quan hệ.

Mệnh đề có chứa đại từ quan hệ được gọi là mệnh đề quan hệ (relative clause) hay mệnh đề tính ngữ (adjective clause). Danh từ được đại từ quan hệ thay thế gọi là tiền tiến từ (antecedent) của nó.

Có 5 đại từ quan hệ chính với chức năng ngữ pháp như trong bảng kê sau:

Đại từ quan hệ	Thay thế cho loại danh từ	Nhiệm vụ trong câu
Who	Chỉ người	Chủ từ
Whom	Chỉ người	Túc từ
Which	Chỉ vật	Chủ từ hay túc từ
That	Chỉ người hay chỉ vật	Chủ từ hay túc từ
Whose	Chỉ người	Chỉ quyền sở hữu

Ví dụ:

- Do you know the boy who has broken that chair?

- The man whom you want to meet is not here.

- The dog which was lost has been found.

B. Đại từ quan hệ THAT trong tiếng Anh

Đại từ quan hệ THAT bắt buộc sử dụng trong các trường hợp sau:

* Đại từ quan hệ THAT được sử dụng sau những tính từ ở dạng so sánh cực cấp (superlative).

- Yesterday was one of the coldest days that I have ever known.

* Đại từ quan hệ THAT được sử dụng sau những cách nói mở đầu bằng "It is/was..."

- It is the teacher that is important, not the kind of school he teaches in.

* Đại từ quan hệ THAT được sử dụng sau những tiền tiến từ (antecedent) vừa là người, vừa là vật.

- He talked brilliantly of the men and the books that interested him.

C. Đại từ quan hệ WHOSE trong tiếng Anh

Đại từ quan hệ WHOSE được sử dụng để thay cho một danh từ chỉ người đứng trước, chỉ quyền sở hữu đối với danh từ theo sau nó. Giữa WHOSE và danh từ theo sau không có mạo từ (article). Đôi khi WHOSE cũng được dùng thay cho danh từ chỉ vật ở trước. Trong các trường hợp khác người ta dùng OF WHICH.

Ví dụ:

- The man whose car was stolen yesterday is my uncle.

- He came in a car the windows of which was broken.

D. Mệnh đề xác định & Mệnh đề không xác định

Đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns) có thể được dùng trong những mệnh đề xác định (defining clause) hay những mệnh đề không xác định (non-defining clause). Ở một số tài liệu khác người ta còn gọi là mệnh đề hạn chế (restrictive clause) hay mệnh đề không hạn chế (non-restrictive clause).

Mệnh đề xác định là những mệnh đề giúp làm rõ nghĩa tiền tiến từ. Không có mệnh đề này ta không hiểu rõ nghĩa mệnh đề còn lại.

Ví dụ:

- The man whom you met yesterday is a dentist.

Không có mệnh đề whom you met yesterday ta không rõ the man đó là ai.

Mệnh đề không xác định là mệnh đề không làm rõ nghĩa tiền tiến từ. Không có nó thì mệnh đề còn lại vẫn rõ nghĩa.

- My father, whom you met yesterday, is a dentist.

Không có mệnh đề whom you met yesterday người ta vẫn hiểu rõ mệnh đề còn lại.

Nhờ có tính chất xác định và không xác định này mà ta có thể hiểu rõ nghĩa các câu sau:

(a) All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to Daisy.

(b) All the books which had pictures in them were sent to Daisy.

- Ở câu (a) người ta gửi tất cả sách cho Daisy, và trong sách ấy có hình.

- Ở câu (b) người ta chỉ gửi cho Daisy những quyển sách có hình, những quyển khác không có hình và không được gửi cho Daisy.

E. Trường hợp bỏ đại từ quan hệ

Đại từ quan hệ có thể được hiểu ngầm nếu đó là túc từ trong loại mệnh đề xác định (defining clause).

- The book (that) I want is on the table.

- There's something (that) you don't know.

Bài tập Đại từ quan hệ

Task 1. Chỉ ra đại từ quan hệ thừa trong câu.

The number of options (1) that are available to us with (2) which to fill our leisure time is increasing all the time. While previous generations, (3) who lived before the electronic age, had musical instruments and card games (4) that they played to pass the time, we have PlayStations, computers, televisions and stereos. Although parents (5) whose teenagers spend a lot of time on these activities might worry about the effect (6) which it is having on them, for most of us they provide harmless fun, (7) which is becoming more important as life becomes more stressful. The television programmes (8) which we watch and the computer games (9) that we play all entertain us and, although there will always be people to (10) whom they seem a complete waste of time, the effect (11) that they have on society cannot be ignored. Entertainment is something (12) which we all need and, as long as we’re willing to pay, there will always be someone (13) who is willing to provide it.

Đáp án:

- Các từ thừa: (4) that, (6) which, (8) which, (9) that, (11) that, (12) which.

Task 2. Điền đại từ quan hệ phù hợp.

1. Davina, _______ kids you met last weekend, works for Cooper’s in the high street.

2. I’ll never understand the reason _______ you decided to join the army.

3. The village _______ Alan grew up in is only a few miles from here.

4. Have you spoken to that guy _______ daughter might be able to help you with the contract?

5. Back in the 1970s, _______ I was a teenager, no one _______ I knew had a computer.

6. They’ve just announced that Beddington youth club, _______ we all used to hang out after school, is going to be turned into a casino.

7. Chicago’s a city _______ I’ve always wanted to visit.

8. Do you remember the time _______ we got totally lost?

9. The cows _______ are in that field over there are Friesians.

10. Our cat Tibby, _______ loves being stroked all the time, is 16 years old today!

11. Bob wants to become a pop star, _______ seems like a totally unrealistic ambition to me.

12. The official to _______ you need to address your enquiry is temporarily unavailable.

13. _______ spoils the film for me is the ending, _______ is just ridiculous.

14. Julian was the prefect _______ we all liked the best.

15. Her mother, in _______ she confided, said she would support her unconditionally.

Đáp án:

1. whose	2. why/ that	3. which/ that	4. whose	5. when   that
6. where	7. which/ that	8. when/ that	9. which/ that	10. who
11. which	12. whom	13. What   which	14. who/ that	15. whom

Task 3. Tích ✔ nếu đúng hoặc sửa lại nếu sai.

1. We took the dog who we’d found it abandoned in the street straight to the vet.

2. Would any boys who’s surnames begin with M please raise your hands?

3. The day which I first met your mother was the best day of my life.

4. Alfredo thought for a second, and then began to write: ‘To Whom It May Concern…’

5. The woman who I spoke to was extremely helpful.

6. The film which I really want to see it is the new one with Johnny Depp.

7. No, the hospital where you were born there was closed down quite a while ago.

8. Could you just give me one reason why you would say something like that?

9. The table where we sat at had a lovely view of the Acropolis.

10. That bothers me is why the police took so long to charge them.

11. The guy whose car you just hit it is a traffic warden!

Đáp án:

1. (which/that) we’d found	2. whose	3. when/ that/ on which
4. ✔	5. ✔	6. (which) I really want to see
7. you were born	8. ✔	9. which
10. What	11. whose car you just hit

Task 4. Thêm dấu phẩy vào chỗ cần thiết (mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định).

1. We were staying at the hotel that you recommended to us.

2. The film which was directed by Mel Gibson is actually in Hebrew.

3. The person who I look up to more than anyone else is my Uncle Geoffrey.

4. I bumped into Katherine the other day which was a strange coincidence.

5. Is that the book which you were telling me about the other day?

6. The best man at my wedding who used to live in Germany has just moved to China.

7. Have you got a suggestion which doesn’t involve spending a lot of money?

8. Warwick University where I spent three wonderful years is one of the top ten universities in the country.

Đáp án:

1. ✔

2. The film, which was directed by Mel Gibson, is actually in Hebrew.

3. ✔

4. I bumped into Katherine the other day, which was a strange coincidence.

5. ✔

6. The best man at my wedding, who used to live in Germany, has just moved to China.

7. ✔

8. Warwick University, where I spent three wonderful years, is one of the top ten universities in the country.

Task 5. Điền từ thích hợp.

1. Do you really think the month _____ which you’re born affects your character?

2. They declared war on Austria, the reason _____ which completely escapes me now.

3. There are five slices of pizza left, two _____ which we’d better save for Justin.

4. Is the day _____ which you arrive a Friday?

5. Josephine came to the rescue, of course, _____ which I’m eternally grateful.

6. There were 20 people at the meeting, some _____ whom I’d never met before.

7. The law needs to be strengthened, _____ which I mean the police need to be given new powers.

8. _____ whom did you speak?

9. I looked at several possible presents, none _____ which were appropriate.

10. She studied in Berlin from 1916 to 1923, _____ which time many people still believed that women had no role in scientific research.

11. The region _____ which most of the wine is produced is to the south.

12. Jackson directed over 30 westerns, many _____ which are now available on DVD.

Đáp án:

1. in	2. for	3. of	4. on	5. for	6. of
7. by	8. To	9. of	10. during	11. from	12. of

Bài tập bổ sung

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with WHO, WHERE OR WHICH.

1. He is the doctor  ________ looked after my grandmother.

2. Jenny is attending a course  ________ she is preparing for her future work.

3. That’s the cottage  ________  the Jack’s grandparents live in.

4. They found the weapon ________  the robbers used.

5. Who ate the truffle  ________ was on the table?

6. Is he the secretary  ________ works for your sister ?

7. I know a shop  ________ they sell cheap clothes.

8. Do you know the person  ________ repaired her gate ?

9. Where are the letters  ________ he started writing?

10. I’d like to have something  ________ isn’t too salty.

11. Do you know  ________ the man with the red cap is ?

12. This is the house  ________ Uncle Nguyen lived in.

13. We visited the art gallery ________ my brother went.

14. Do you know anyone ________ can repair her bike?

Đáp án:

1. who	8. who
2. which	9. which
3. where	10. that
4. which	11. who
5. which	12. where
6. who	13. which
7. where	14. that

Exercise 2. Use appropriate relative pronouns to connect the following pairs of sentences.

1. The first girl has just come. She knows the truth.

2. I don't remember the woman. You said you met her at the park last week.

3. The only thing is how to get there quickly. It makes me worried.

4. The most beautiful girl loves dancing. I like her blue eyes so much.

5. He was John. I met him at the supermarket last night.

6. The children often go swimming on Fridays. They usually have a lot of free time then.

7. They are looking for the boy and his dog. They have lost their way in the dark forest.

8. That tree has beautiful flowers. The tree stands near the gate of his house.

9. My wife wants Jean to come to dinner. She is a doctor. 

10. The last woman has just returned from the office. I want to talk to her at once.

11. The team will be awarded tomorrow. Their reports are pretty good.

12. The book is an interesting horror story. I was reading it last night.

13. The scientist will never forget the day. He found a strange object on that day.

14. Someone is trying to contact you. She looked for your address two hours ago.

15. The man works for my brother's company. His daughter is fond of drawing.

Đáp án:

1. The first girl who knows the truth has just come.

2. I don't remember the woman whom you said you met at the park last week.

3. The only thing which makes me worried is how to get there quickly.

4. The most beautiful girl, whose blue eyes I like so much, loves dancing.

5. The man whom I met at the supermarket last night was John.

6. The children often go swimming on Fridays when they usually have a lot of free time.

7. They're looking for the boy and his dog that have lost their way in the dark forest.

8. That tree that stands near the gate of his house has beautiful flowers.

9. My wife, who is a doctor, wants Jean to come to dinner.

10. I want to talk to the last woman who has just returned from the office.

11. The team whose reports are pretty good will be awarded tomorrow.

12. The book which I was reading last night is an interesting horror story.

13. The scientist will never forget the day when he found a strange object.

14. The person who looked for your address two hours ago is trying to contact you.

15. The man whose daughter is fond of drawing works for my brother's company.

Exercise 3. Connect the following pairs using relative clauses.

1. She bought the car. Her mother had recommended it.

2. He lost the pencil yesterday. I bought it for him.

3. Lana called the delivery company. Her friend often uses it.

4. Lam met a young man. I used to work with him for a very long time.

5. Sana called the lawyer. My mother knows her very well.

6. He went on a date with a knowledgeable girl. His mother likes her. 

7. We employed a gardener. Nam introduced her.

8. The cake is on the table. My mother bought it.

9. The book belongs to Sara. She found it under the cabinet.

10. The food was yummy. My dad cooked the food.

11. The bike was broken. My grandparents gave me the bike.

12. The robber was arrested. Sam reported him to the police immediately.

13. The teacher was smart and kind. Kathy asked him about her problem.

14. The dancer was very pretty. My younger brother dated her.

15. The secretary is in the post office. Hana always helps her. 

Đáp án:

1. She bought the car her mother had recommended.

2. He lost the pencil I had bought for him yesterday.

3. Lana called the delivery company her friend often uses.

4. Lam met a young man I used to work with for a very long time. 

5. Sana called the lawyer my mother knows very well.

6. He went on a date with a knowledgeable girl his mother likes.

7. We employed the gardener Nam introduced.

8. The cake my mother bought is on the table.

9. The book Sara found under the cabinet belongs to her.

10. The food my dad cooked was yummy.

11. The bike my grandparents gave me was broken.

12. The robber Sam reported to the police immediately was arrested.

13. The teacher Kathy asked about her problem was smart and kind.

14. The dancer my brother dated was very pretty.

15. The secretary Hana always helps is in the post office.

Các loạt bài khác:

• Mạo từ

• Tiền tố (Prefix)

• Hậu tố (Suffix)

• Danh từ

• Động từ

• Động từ trong các thì đơn

• Động từ trong các thì hoàn thành

• Động từ trong các thì tiếp diễn

• Sự hòa hợp giữa chủ từ và động từ

• Đại từ nhân xưng: It & One

• Tính từ

• Mạo từ bất định A/AN

• Mạo từ xác định THE

• Đại từ quan hệ

• Đại từ chỉ định

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