Mệnh đề quan hệ trong Tiếng Anh đầy đủ, chi tiết

Bài viết Mệnh đề quan hệ gồm ngữ pháp Mệnh đề quan hệ chi tiết và bài tập Mệnh đề quan hệ có lời giải giúp học sinh nắm vững cách sử dụng Mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh.

Lý thuyết Mệnh đề quan hệ

I. Mệnh đề quan hệ là gì?

Mệnh đề (Clause) là một phần của câu, nó có thể bao gồm nhiều từ hay có cấu trúc của cả một câu. Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để giải thích rõ hơn về danh từ đứng trước nó.

Xét ví dụ 1: The woman who is wearing the T-shirt is my girl friend.

Trong câu này phần được viết chữ nghiêng được gọi là một relative clause, nó đứng sau “the woman” và dùng để xác định danh từ đó. Nếu bỏ mệnh đề này ra chúng ta vẫn có một câu hoàn chỉnh: The woman is my girlfriend.

Xét ví dụ 2: The girl is Nam's girlfriend. She is sitting next to me. =>The girl who is sitting next to me is Nam's girl friend.

Mệnh đề quan hệ thường được nối với mệnh đề chính bằng các đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns): who, whom, which, whose, that......

Mệnh đề quan hệ có hai loại: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định

a. Mệnh đề xác định (Defining relative clauses)

- Là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó,cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu; không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Tất cả các đại từ quan hệ được sử dụng trong mệnh đề xác định.

Ví dụ:

Do you know the name of the man who came here yesterday?

The man (whom / that) you met yesterday is coming to my house for dinner.

➨ Mệnh đề xác định không có dấu phẩy

b. Mệnh đề không xác định (Non – defining clauses)

- Là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật, không có nó thì câu vẫn đủ nghĩa.

Ví dụ: Miss Hoa, who taught me English, has just got married.

➨ Mệnh đề không xác định có dấu phẩy và Mệnh đề này không được dùng “That”

II. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Pronouns)

Đại từ quan hệ	Cách sử dụng	Ví dụ
Who	Làm chủ ngữ, đại diện ngôi người	I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which	Làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ, đại diện ngôi đồ vật, động vật. Bổ sung cho cả câu đứng trước nó	Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? He couldn’t read which surprised me
whose	Chỉ sở hữu cho người và vật	Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
whom	Đại diện cho tân ngữ chỉ người	I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
That	Đại diện cho chủ ngữ chỉ người, vật, đặc biệt trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (who, which vẫn có thê sử dụng được)	I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.

Các đại từ quan hệ dễ hiểu nhất (bài tập có giải)

1. WHO:

- Làm chủ từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ

- Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người

….. N (person) + WHO + V + O

Ví dụ: The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

2. WHOM:

- làm túc từ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ

- thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người

…..N (person) + WHOM + S + V

Ví dụ: George is a person whom I admire very much

3. WHICH:

- làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ

- thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật

….N (thing) + WHICH + V + O

….N (thing) + WHICH + S + V

The machine which broke down is working again now

4. THAT:

Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định:

Là mệnh đề cần phải có trong câu, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không có nghĩa rõ ràng. Đối với loại câu này, đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ có thể được bỏ đi. Ta có thể dùng từ that thay thế cho who, whom, which...

Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định:

Trước và sau mệnh đề này phải có dấu (,). Trường hợp này ta KHÔNG ĐƯỢC dùng từ “that” thay thế cho who, whom, which và không được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề này.

Ví dụ 1: My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old ➨ My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.

Ví dụ 2: Mr Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him. ➨ Mr Brown, who(m) we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.

Trường hợp bắt buộc dùng that và không được dùng that:

Trường hợp phải dùng that: sau một danh từ hỗn hợp (vừa chỉ người, vừa chỉ vật hoặc đồ vật). Ví dụ: We can see a lot of people and cattle that are going to the field

- Sau đại từ bất định:

Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.

- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, ALL, EVERY, VERY, ONLY:

Ex: This is the most beautiful dress that I have.

All that is mine is yours.

You are the only person that can help us.

- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)

Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence. (Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)

Trường hợp không dùng that: mệnh đề có dấu (,), ĐTQH có giới từ đứng trước.

Lưu ý: giới từ chỉ đứng trước whom và which, không đứng trước who và that

Ví dụ: Peter, who/whom I played tennis with on Sunday, was fitter than me.

Or: Peter, with whom I played tennis on Sunday, was fitter than me.

Not: ~~Peter, with who I played tennis on Sunday, was fitter than me.~~

5. WHOSE:

Đại từ dùng để chỉ sở hữu cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật, thường thay cho các từ: her, his, their, hoặc hình thức ‘s

…..N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V ….

Ví dụ: I met someone whose brother I went to school with

III. Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverb)

Trạng từ quan hệ có thể được sử dụng thay cho một đại từ quan hệ và giới từ. Cách làm này sẽ làm cho câu dễ hiểu hơn.

Ví dụ: This is the shop in which I bought my bike. ➨ This is the shop where I bought my bike.

Trạng từ quan hệ	Nghĩa	Cách sử dụng	Ví dụ
when	in/on which	Đại diện cho cụm thời gian	the day when we met him
where	in/at which	Đại diện cho nơi chốn	the place where we met him
why	for which	Đại diện cho lí do	the reason why we met him

1. WHY:

Trạng từ quan hệ why mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason.

…..N (reason) + WHY + S + V …

Ví dụ 1: I don’t know the reason. You didn’t go to school for that reason. → I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school.

Ví dụ 2: I don't know the reason. You didn't go to school for that reason. =>I don't know the reason why you didn't go to school.

2. WHERE:

Trạng từ quan hệ để thay thế cho các từ/cụm từ chỉ địa điểm, nơi chốn.

….N (place) + WHERE + S + V …. (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)

Ví dụ 1: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean. We stayed t that hotel. → The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.

Ví dụ 2: This is my hometown. I was born and grew up here. => This is my hometown where I was born and grew up.

Ví dụ 3: The restaurant where we had Lunch was near the airport.

3. WHEN:

Là trạng từ quan hệ để thay thế cho cụm từ/từ chỉ thời gian.

….N (time) + WHEN + S + V … (WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)

Ví dụ 1: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day.

➨ Do you still remember the day when we first met?

➨ Do you still remember the day on which we first met?

Ví dụ 2: I don’t know the time. She will come back then. ➨ I don’t know the time when she will come back.

That was the day. I met my wife on this day. ➨That was the day when I met my wife.

IV. Lưu ý cần nhớ trong mệnh đề quan hệ

1. Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom và which.)

Ví dụ: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year.

➨ Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher.

➨ Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher.

2. Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước.

Ví dụ: She can’t come to my birthday party. That makes me sad. → She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad.

3. Ở vị trí túc từ, whom có thể được thay bằng who.

Ví dụ: I’d like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party.

4. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , chúng ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ:whom, which.

Ví dụ: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend. The book you lent me was very interesting.

5. Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of … có thể được dùng trước whom, which và whose.

Ví dụ 1: I have two sisters, both of whom are students. She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her.

Ví dụ 2: Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers. ---> Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.

Ví dụ 3: He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them. ---> He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.

6. KHÔNG dùng THAT, WHO sau giới từ.

Ví dụ: The house ~~in tha~~t I was born is for sale.

Bài tập Mệnh đề quan hệ

Task 1. Chọn đáp án đúng.

1. The minister, who / which was appointed just last week, made no comment on the situation.

2. Isn’t that the spot where / which the accident happened last night?

3. The human brain, which / who weighs about 1400 grammes, is ten times the size of a baboon’s.

4. There are several reasons why / which I don’t want to see Michael tonight.

5. This is the office where / which I work.

6. The new girl in our class, whose / who / whom name is Alexandra, seems really nice.

7. The Titanic, which / that people said was unsinkable, sank on her maiden voyage.

8. All the people to whom / who / which the e-mail was sent replied.

9. April 1st, when / which we play tricks on people, is known as April Fools’ Day.

10. Harry Hill, who / whose new series starts next week, is one of my favourite comedians.

11. A very popular breed of dog is the German Shepherd, which / who is often used as a guard dog.

12. Blackpool Tower, which / that was modelled on the Eiffel Tower, is a very well-known landmark.

1. who	2. where	3. which	4. why	5. where	6. whose
7. which	8. whom	9. when	10. whose	11. which	12. which

Task 2. Tích ✔ nếu đúng hoặc sửa lại nếu sai.

1. November 5th was the day which Guy Fawkes tried to blow up Parliament.

2. There were none of my favourite biscuits left when I had a cup of tea, that was really annoying.

3. I’ve just got a new webcam that takes really clear pictures.

4. The Godfather was made by Francis Ford Coppola, who’s daughter is also a film director.

5. Can you think of any reason which Cathy should be angry with me?

6. Here’s a photo of the hotel where we stayed in when we were in Beijing.

7. How do you think the first man whom walked on the moon felt?

8. This is the first occasion on which the leaders of the two countries have met.

9. He is a person for who very few people feel much sympathy.

10. The moment which the hero suddenly appears from behind a tree is the best moment in the whole film.

11. I met a man which had a dog with only three legs.

12. My new school, who I moved to about a month ago, seems like quite a friendly place.

Đáp án:

1. when	2. which	3. ✔	4. whose	5. why	6. which
7. who	8. ✔	9. whom	10. when	11. who	12. which

Task 3. Viết lại câu dùng cấu trúc mệnh đề quan hệ.

1. My friend, Simon, plays the guitar. He has just released a CD.

⮚ _____________________________________________________________

2. Charles III is the new king of England. His ex-wife was Princess Diana.

⮚ _____________________________________________________________

3. Microsoft has a lot of power in the world of computers. That annoys some people.

⮚ _____________________________________________________________

4. The euro replaced a number of national currencies. It was introduced in January 2002.

⮚ _____________________________________________________________

5. The series Friends ran for ten years. It is one of my favourite series.

⮚ _____________________________________________________________

6. Venus is a very hot place. It is much closer to the Sun than the Earth is.

⮚ _____________________________________________________________

7. Cricket is popular in many countries around the world. It is played between two teams of eleven.

⮚ _____________________________________________________________

8. Parts of Buckingham Palace are open to the public. It is where the royal family live.

⮚ _____________________________________________________________

9. The greyhound is the fastest dog. It can reach speeds of over 65 kilometres an hour.

⮚ _____________________________________________________________

10. 1984 was written by George Orwell. His real name was Eric Blair.

⮚ _____________________________________________________________

Đáp án:

1. My friend, Simon, who plays the guitar, has just released a CD.

2. Charles III, whose ex-wife was Princess Diana, is the new king of England.

3. Microsoft has a lot of power in the world of computers, which annoys some people.

4. The euro, which was introduced in January 2002, replaced a number of national currencies.

5. The series Friends, which ran for ten years, is one of my favourite series.

6. Venus, which is much closer to the Sun than the Earth is, is a very hot place.

7. Cricket, which is played between two teams of eleven, is popular in many countries around the world.

8. Parts of Buckingham Palace, where the royal family live, are open to the public.

9. The greyhound, which can reach speeds of over 65 kilometres an hour, is the fastest dog.

10. 1984 was written by George Orwell, whose real name was Eric Blair.

Task 4. Điền từ vào chỗ trống.

Find me a show that works

by our TV reviewer, Jeremy Platt

I’m sure there was a reason (1) _______ I became a TV reviewer. Maybe it was my love of classic shows (2) _______ kept me entertained as a child. Or maybe it was the presenters (3) _______ seemed to promise an exciting world of glamour and showbiz. To be honest, I’ve watched so many shows lately (4) _______ have bored me to tears that I’ve forgotten.

Take Kid Swap, for example, the new show (5) _______ Channel 7 hopes will revive their viewing figures. The show takes kids (6) _______ parents have had enough and swaps them with kids from other families for two weeks. The problem with this show is that I’m just not sure at (7) _______ it’s aimed – parents or teenagers. Parents (8) _______ watch this show will find it childish, particularly at the moment (9) _______ one of the teenagers does nothing but complain. Teenage viewers (10) _______ watch more than the first five minutes will soon get bored of the parents, (11) _______ blame anybody but themselves for the situation. This is definitely one idea (12) _______ should be put exactly where it belongs – in the bin!

Đáp án:

1. why/that	2. which/that	3. who/that	4. which/that	5. which/that	6. whose
7. whom	8. who/that	9. when/that	10. who/that	11. who	12. which/that

Task 5. Chọn đáp án đúng.

1. ‘Who’s that over there?’

‘Oh, it’s our new teacher, _______ just started work today.’

A. that

B. who he

C. which he

D. who

2. ‘Which CD did you get Marcus in the end?’

‘I got him the one _______ said he really wanted to hear.’

A. that

B. who he

C. which

D. which he

3. ‘Who did you send a Valentine’s card to?’

‘I’m not telling you, but it was someone _______ name begins with “B”.’

A. which

B. who her

C. whose

D. whose her

4. ‘Have you seen Jason Green’s latest film?’

‘Is that the one in _______ joins the FBI?’

A. which he

B. that he

C. whom he

D. which

5. ‘Why do you like Tania so much?’

‘Well, she’s one of the few people to _______ I can really talk.’

A. which

B. whom

C. that

D. who

6. ‘Why don’t we go to Lionel’s for dinner tonight?’

‘Is that the new restaurant _______ has just opened on the other side of town?’

A. which

B. that it

C. where

D. which it

7. ‘Could you lend me some money?’

‘I’d like you to give me one good reason _______ I should.’

A. that

B. why

C. which

D. who

8. ‘What do you want to do this summer?’

‘I think we should go somewhere _______ has plenty of sun and sand.’

A. who

B. where

C. when

D. that

Đáp án:

1. D

2. D

3. C

4. A

5. B

6. A

7. B

8. D

Bài tập bổ sung

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with [who/ which/ whose].

1. He arrived with a friend ______ waited outside in the car.

2. The man ______ mobile was ringing did not know what to do.

3. The car ______ the robbers escaped in was a BMW.

4. The woman ______ daughter was crying tried to calm her down.

5. The postman ______ works in the village is very old.

6. The family ______ car was stolen last week is the Smiths.

7. The cowboy ______ is wearing a red shirt looks very funny.

8. A bus is a big car ______ carries lots of people.

9. The volunteers, ______ enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly.

10. Children ______ like music are often good at mathematics.

11. The engineers ______ designed the building received an award.

12. The girl ______ recited the poem is my niece.

13. The townspeople, ______ pride in their community is well- known, raised enough money to build a new town hall.

14. The Pacific Ocean, ______ might have been crossed by raft during the Stone Age, is the world's largest ocean.

15. The newspaper to ______ we subscribe to is delivered regularly.

Đáp án:

1. who	6. whose	11. who
2. which	7. who	12. who
3. which	8. which	13. whose
4. whose	9. whose	14. which
5. who	10. who	15. which

Exercise 2. Put [who/ whom/which/ where/ that,…] in the blanks.

1. The parents thanked the woman ______ had saved their son.

2. The factory ______ closed last week had been there for many years.

3. Two men, neither of ______ I had been before, came into my office.

4. I like the ice-cream ______ they sell in that shop.

5. He ate the food ______ no one else wanted.

6. John has got a new mobile phone ______ takes photos.

7. The village ______ I ran out of petrol didn’t have a petrol station.

8. The job for ______ she has applied is in London.

9. John sold his computer, ______ he no longer needed, to his cousin.

10. Teddy has two cars, one of ______ is very expensive.

Đáp án:

1. who / that	6. that / which
2. which / that	7. where
3. whom	8. which
4. that / which	9. which
5. that / which	10. which

Exercise 3. Combine These Pairs Of Sentences Using Relative Pronouns.

1. The first boy has just moved. He knows the truth.

2. I don't remember the man. You said you met him at the canteen last week.

3. The only thing is how to go home. It makes me worried.

4. The most beautiful girl lives in the city. I like her long hair very much.

5. He was Tom. I met him at the bar yesterday.

6. The children often go swimming on Sundays. They have much free time then.

7. They are looking for the man and his dog. They have lost their way in the forest.

8. The tree has lovely flowers. The tree stands near the gate of my house.

9. My wife wants you to come to dinner. You were speaking to my wife

10. The last man has just returned from the farm. I want to talk to him at once.

11. The students will be awarded the present. The students' reports are very valuable.

12. The book was a lovely story. I was reading it yesterday.

13. The botanist will never forget the day. He found a strange plant on that day.

14. Someone is phoning you. He looked for you three hours ago.

15. The man works for my father's company. The man's daughter is fond of dancing.

Đáp án:

1. The first boy who knows the truth has just moved.

2. I don't remember the man whom you said you met at the canteen last week.

3. The only thing which makes me worried is how to go home.

4. The most beautiful girl, whose long hair I like very much, lives in this city.

5. The man whom I met at the bar yesterday was Tom.

6. The children often go swimming on Sundays when they have much free time.

7. They're looking for the man and his dog that have lost their way in the forest.

8. The tree which stands near the gate of my house has lovely flowers.

9. My wife, whom you were speaking to, wants you to come to dinner.

10. I want to talk to the last man who has just returned from the farm.

11. The students whose reports are very valuable will be awarded the present.

12. The book which I was reading yesterday was a lovely story.

13. The botanist will never forget the day when he found a strange plant.

14. The person who looked for you three hours ago is phoning you.

15. The man whose daughter is fond of dancing works for my father's company.

Exercise 4. Rewrite the following sentences by using relative clauses.

1. He worked for a woman. She used to be an artist.

2. They called a doctor. He lived nearby.

3. I wrote an email to my sister. She lives in Italy.

4. Linh liked the waiter. He was very friendly.

5. We broke a car. It belonged to my uncle.

6. Ba dropped a cup. It was new.

7. Nam loves books. They have happy endings.

8. I live in a city. It is in the north of Vietnam.

9. The man is in the class. He is wearing a blue hat.

10. The woman works in a hospital. She is from India.

Đáp án:

1. He worked for a woman who used to be an artist.

2. They called a doctor who lived nearby.

3. I wrote an email to my sister who lives in Italy.

4. Linh liked the waiter who was very friendly.

5. We broke a car that belonged to my uncle.

6. Ba dropped a cup which was new.

7. Nam loves books that have happy endings.

8. I live in a city that is in the north of Vietnam.

9. The man who is wearing a blue hat is in the class.

10. The woman who is from India works in a hospital.

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