Câu tường thuật (Reported Speech) dễ hiểu nhất
Phần 1: Lý thuyết
I. Khái niệm ( phân biệt câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp)
Câu trực tiếp |
Câu gián tiếp |
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- Câu trực tiếp là câu nói của ai đó được trích dẫn lại nguyên văn và thường được để trong dấu ngoặc kép (“… ”). Ví dụ: + Mary said“ I don’t like ice-cream”. (Cô ấy nói rằng: “Tôi không thích kem”.) Ta thấy trong dấu ngoặc kép là lời nói trực tiếp của Mary và nó được trích dẫn lại một cách nguyên văn. |
- Câu gián tiếp là câu tường thuật lại lời nói của người khác theo ý của người tường thuật và ý nghĩa không thay đổi. Ví dụ: + Mary said thatshe didn’t like ice-cream. (Mary nói cô ấy không thích kem.) Ta thấy câu nói của Mary được tường thuật lại theo cách nói của người tường thuật và ý nghĩa thì vẫn giữ nguyên. |
II. Các thành phần cần biến đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp
* Các đại từ: Ta cần thay đổi đại từ sao cho phù hợp với ngữ cảnh trong câu
* Thay đổi thì của câu:
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Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ
* Thay đổi một số động từ khuyết thiếu:
* Thay đổi Đại từ Các đại từ nhân xưng và đại sở hữu khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi như bảng sau:
* Các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn, thời gian:
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II. Các dạng câu trần thuật cơ bản
1. REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS (Câu trần thuật)
Ta dùng động từ say hoặc tell để tường thuật:
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* S + said + (that) + S + V * S + told + O + (that) + S + V |
Ex: He said, “I have just bought a computer today.”
He said that he had just bought a computer that day.
( Anh ấy nói: “ Tôi vừa mới mua một cái máy tính vào hôm nay”
-> Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy vừa mới mua một cái máy tính ngày hôm nay)
Linda said, “There is someone at the door, Bill.”
Linda told Bill that there was someone at the door.
( Linda nói rằng : “ Có ai ở ngoài của kìa, Bill”
-> Linda nói với Bill rằng có ai ở ngoài cửa)
2. REPORTED SPEECH: QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi)
a. Yes-No questions: Khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ta cần thêm if hoặc whether trước chủ từ của câu hỏi được tường thuật:
Ex: He said to me, “Are you from Canada?”
He asked me if/whether I was from Canada.
( Anh ấy nói với tôi: “ Bạn đến từ Canada à?
-> Anh ấy hỏi tôi tôi đến từ Canada phải không. )
The man said to her, “Did Bill tell you my address?”
The man asked her if/whether Bill had told her his address.
( Người đàn ông nói với cô ấy: “ Bill đã nói chô biết địa chỉ của tôi à?”
-> Người đàn ông hỏi cô ấy có phài Bill cho cô ấy biết địa chỉ của anh ấy hay không)
The girl said, “Do you live near here, David?”
She asked David if/whether he lived near there.
(Cô gái hỏi: “ Cậu sống gần đây à, David?
-> Cô gái hỏi David có phải anh ấy sống gần đây hay không.)
b. Wh – Questions: Các câu hỏi bắt đầu bằng một từ để hỏi như: who, when, where, when, why, how…
Ex: He said to them, “Where are you going?”
-> He asked them where they were going.
( Anh ấy nói với họ: “ Các bạn đang đi đâu đấy?”
-> Anh ấy hỏi họ rằng họ đang đi đâu đấy.)
The teacher asked, “When do you do your homework, Tom?”
-> The teacher asked Tom when he did his homework.
( Cô giáo hỏi: “ Khi nào con làm bài tập về nhà, Tom?”
-> Cô giáo hỏi Tom khi nào anh ấy làm bài tập về nhà.)
3. REPORTED SPEECH: COMMANDS/ORDERS/REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh/Câu đề nghị)
Ta dùng động từ ask hoặc tell để tường thuật:
EX:
- Dick said to Jim: “Please open the window.” ® Dick told Jim to open the window.
- Mother said, “Tim, go to bed early.” ® Mother told Tim to go to bed early.
- Father said to Liz: “Don’t come home late.” ® Father told Liz not to come home late.
* LƯU Ý: Các trường hợp KHÔNG thay đổi thì trong câu tường thuật:
a. Câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3
Nếu câu nói trực tiếp là câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3, ta chỉ thay đổi các đại từ, tình từ…mà không đổi thì trong câu.
Ex: “If I were older, I would retire.”, he said.
He said if he were older, he would retire.
“If I had heard the whole story, I would have acted differently”, he said
He said that if he had heard the whole story, he would have acted differently.
b. Câu trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lí, hay một thói quen ở hiện tại.
Nếu câu nói trực tiếp nói về một sự thật, một chân lí hay một thói quen thường xuyên lặp đi, lập lại ở hiện tại, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta phải giữ nguyên thì của câu trực tiếp.
Ex 1: Trực tiếp: The teacher said, “The earth moves round the Sun”
Gián tiếp: The teacher said that The earth moves round the Sun.
Ex 2: Trực tiếp: My wife always drinks coffee for breakfast.
Gián tiếp: He said that his wife always drinks coffee for breakfast.
c. Động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai.
Nếu động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp, ta không thay đổi thì và các cum trạng từ và cụm từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn, mà chỉ thay đổi các đại từ hay tính từ…
Ex: He says/ He is saying/ He has said/ He will say, “The bus is coming.” → He says the bus is coming.
d. Không thay đổ thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp nếu có thời gian xác định trong quá khứ.
Ex. She said, ‘‘I was born in 1980’’
She said that she was born in 1980
e. Các động từ khiếm khuyết: could, would, might, ought to, should thường không thay đổi trong câu tường thuật.
Ex. He said, ‘I might come’
He said that He might come’
- Khi tường thuật mệnh đề ước muốn: “wish’
Ex: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money”
® He wishes (that) he had a lot of money
- Khi tường thuật cấu trúc: “It’s (high/ about) time”
Ex: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed; children”
® She told her children that It’s about time they went to bed
Phần 2: Bài tập
Ex 1: Đổi các câu sau thành câu trần thuật
1.“I have already written that letter,” my friend said. à My friend said
2. Carol said to me, “ I will ask Mr. Harris about that word.” à Carol told
3. He said, “ I don’t understand those two lessons at all.” à He said (that)
4. “I know those girls quite well,” Mary said. à Mary said
5. Charles said to me, “I have to leave the office before 3.00 p.m.” à Charles told
6. “Finish the work,” Mr. Johnson said to his secretary . à Mr. Johnson asked
7. George asked me, “ Can you finish the work by that time? ”
8. Mr. Anderson asked Bill, “How long have you lived here?”
9. “ My entire trip cost me two thousand dollars,” Mr. Brown said
10. “Your health will improve very quickly,” the doctor said to me
Key:
1. My friend said that he had already written that letter.
2. Carol told me that she would ask Mr. Harris about that word.
3. He said that he didn’t understand those two lessons at all
4. Mary said that she knew those girls quite well
5. Charles told me that he had to leave the office before 3.00p.m
6. Mr. Johnson told his secretary to finish the work.
7. George asked me if/ whether I could finish the work by that time.
8. Mr. Anderson asked Bill how long he had lived there.
9. Mr. Brown said that his entire trip cost me two thousand dollars.
10. The doctor told me that my health would improve very quickly.
Ex 2: Xác định lỗi sai trong các câu sau
1. Mrs. Amenuelle told to Alice to give her a hand.
A B C D
2. John said the taxi driver to turn left at the first traffic lights.
A B C D
3. Mary ordered John if he could carry her suitcase, please.
A B C D
4. Johnson Nancy Lee asked me if would I like to have dinner with her.
A B C D
5. Hoa asked Lan whether did she like sports or not.
A B C D
6. Bá told to Tuấn if he could ride his bicycle to school.
A B C D
7. Phong asked Peter whether he enjoys reading books or not.
A B C D
8. Mary promised her boy friend that she would expect to see him next Wednesday.
A B C D
9. A tourist asked how far was it from Hồ Chí Minh City to Huế.
A B C D
10. He asked Lan how many people there are in her family.
A B C D
Key:
1B
2A
3A
4B
5C
6A
7C
8D
9C
10C
Bài tập bổ sung
Task 1. Điền từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống.
1. Tonya said _______ TV was broken and asked if she could come around to watch the football with us.
2. Your father said that _______ old newspapers in the garage might be collector’s items.
3. Dana told the kids she had no option but to punish _______.
4. Wendy said to thank you for the tomatoes and that _______ were the tastiest ones she’d ever eaten.
5. Before he left, Carsen told his hosts that _______ had been a lovely evening.
6. As soon as he saw the jeans, Bob told us that he had to have _______.
7. The Pattersons said that _______ eldest daughter has just got a job working at the White House.
8. Grandpa said that _______ picture over there was painted by his great-grandfather.
Đáp án:
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1. her |
2. the/ those |
3. them |
4. they |
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5. it |
6. them |
7. their |
8. the/ that |
Task 2. Viết lại các câu hỏi tường thuật.
1. ‘Have you had your ear pierced?’
⮚ My mum asked me if _________________________________________________.
2. ‘Can I meet you there at six o’clock tonight, Doug?’
⮚ Julian wanted to know whether _________________________________________.
3. ‘Are you still moving to Blackpool next week?’
⮚ Fiona asked Rod and Jenny whether ______________________________________.
4. ‘Does Graham have to wear a suit to work?’
⮚ I asked Mrs Daley if Graham ___________________________________________.
5. ‘Do you want someone to feed your cat while you’re away?’
⮚ Jan asked me if ______________________________________________________.
6. ‘Can you guess what I’ve given Lindsay for her birthday?’
⮚ Daisy asked Wendy if _________________________________________________.
7. ‘Do you love me or not, Gloria?’
⮚ Jay asked Gloria whether ______________________________________________.
8. ‘Will Simon be coming to the party tomorrow night?’
⮚ Adrian wondered whether _____________________________________________.
9. ‘Tell me if you were anywhere near 34 Aylesford Street last night!’
⮚ The police officer demanded to know whether Sykes _________________________.
Đáp án:
1. I had had my ear pierced.
2. he could meet Doug there at six o’clock that night.
3. they were still moving to Blackpool the following/next week.
4. had to wear a suit to work.
5. I wanted someone to feed my cat while I was away.
6. she could guess what Daisy had given Lindsay for her birthday.
7. she loved him or not.
8. Simon would be coming to the party the following/next night.
9. had been anywhere near 34 Aylesford Street the previous night/ the night before.
Task 3. Viết lại câu ở dạng trực tiếp.
1. Jimmy said that he definitely wasn’t going to the match on Saturday.
⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________’, said Jimmy.
2. Alison told Ben that he’d forgotten to do the washing-up.
⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________, Ben!’ said Alison.
3. Jason admitted that he had been lying when he’d said he had nothing to do with the breakages.
⮚ ‘Actually, I ____________________________________________,’ admitted Jason.
4. Paul told me that Dawn hadn’t been particularly hard-working when she was at university.
⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________,’ said Paul.
5. Sharon shouted that she hadn’t finished yet.
⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________, !’ shouted Sharon.
6. Rudy said he’d meet us all at the café in half an hour.
⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________,’ said Rudy.
7. Belinda’s mum told her that she didn’t have to eat her sprouts if she didn’t want to.
⮚ ‘___________________________________________________, Belinda,’ said her mum.
8. Sebastian announced that he and Tristan were going to set up a website.
⮚ ‘Tristan ______________________________________________,’ announced Sebastian.
9. Karen asked Diana when she had got married.
⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________, Diana?’ asked Karen.
10. Freda asked Bjorn if she could borrow his bike for a couple of hours.
⮚ ‘Bjorn, _______________________________________________, ?’ asked Freda.
Đáp án:
1. I definitely am not going to the match on Saturday
2. You forgot to do the washing-up
3. was lying when I said I had nothing to do with the breakages
4. Dawn wasn’t particularly hard-working when she was at university
5. I haven’t finished yet
6. I’ll meet you all at the café in half an hour
7. You don’t have to eat your sprouts if you don’t want to
8. and I are going to set up a website
9. When did you get married
10. can/could I borrow your bike for a couple of hours
Task 4. Tìm từ thừa trong mỗi dòng.
Getting a mortgage
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 |
Someone told me to a few months ago that getting a mortgage would be easy. How wrong they were! When I first went into the bank, I asked if them how much I could borrow. They refused that to answer even such a simple question, saying that I had to actually find a house before they could tell me whether they would have lend me the money or not. I thought this was ridiculous and so told it a white lie, saying that I had been already found a house. They finally said they would lend me the money, so that was great. Then the problems started. A few weeks later a friend told me that about a wonderful flat that was for sale. He suggested to our buying it together because it was so large and I agreed. When I went back to the bank and said so I was planning to buy a flat with a friend, the bank manager denied doing that he had ever said the bank would give me a mortgage and claimed that he has had looked at my finances and knew I wasn’t earning enough to borrow money. I begged with him to have another look at my records as I knew he was wrong. Finally, he agreed me to reconsider my case and eventually sent me a letter which stated that the bank would was quite happy to give me a mortgage. By then, though, it was said too late as someone else had bought the flat! |
Đáp án:
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 |
Someone told me to a few months ago that getting a mortgage would be easy. How wrong they were! When I first went into the bank, I asked if them how much I could borrow. They refused that to answer even such a simple question, saying that I had to actually find a house before they could tell me whether they would have lend me the money or not. I thought this was ridiculous and so told it a white lie, saying that I had been already found a house. They finally said they would lend me the money, so that was great. Then the problems started. A few weeks later a friend told me that about a wonderful flat that was for sale. He suggested to our buying it together because it was so large and I agreed. When I went back to the bank and said so I was planning to buy a flat with a friend, the bank manager denied doing that he had ever said the bank would give me a mortgage and claimed that he has had looked at my finances and knew I wasn’t earning enough to borrow money. I begged with him to have another look at my records as I knew he was wrong. Finally, he agreed me to reconsider my case and eventually sent me a letter which stated that the bank would was quite happy to give me a mortgage. By then, though, it was said too late as someone else had bought the flat! |
Xem thêm các loạt bài Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh hay, chi tiết khác:
- Phân loại, cách dùng Mạo từ trong Tiếng Anh
- Câu điều kiện trong Tiếng Anh
- Cấu trúc, cách dùng Câu ước Wish
- Đại từ phản thân trong Tiếng Anh
- Danh từ trong Tiếng Anh
- Đề thi lớp 1 (các môn học)
- Đề thi lớp 2 (các môn học)
- Đề thi lớp 3 (các môn học)
- Đề thi lớp 4 (các môn học)
- Đề thi lớp 5 (các môn học)
- Đề thi lớp 6 (các môn học)
- Đề thi lớp 7 (các môn học)
- Đề thi lớp 8 (các môn học)
- Đề thi lớp 9 (các môn học)
- Đề thi lớp 10 (các môn học)
- Đề thi lớp 11 (các môn học)
- Đề thi lớp 12 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 1 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 2 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 3 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 4 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 5 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 6 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 7 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 8 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 9 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 10 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 11 (các môn học)
- Giáo án lớp 12 (các môn học)